Protective effects of intravitreal injection of nerve growth factor on retinal ganglion cells in early diabetic rats / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective To investigate the protective effect of intravitreal injection of nerve growth factor (NGF) on apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in early diabetic rats and its possible mechanism.Methods SD rats were divided into normal control group,diabetic model group,phosphate buffer solution (PBS) group and NGF group according to random number table method,with each group contain 6 rats.The rats in diabetic model group,PBS group and NGF group were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin (STZ) to establish diabetic rat model.After 4 weeks of modeling,2 μl PBS and 2 μl NGF (0.5 μg/μl) were injected into the vitreous cavity in PBS group and NGF group,respectively.The right eyes served as the experimental eyes,inject once a week for 4 weeks.After 4 weeks of injection,the retina microangiopathy of each group was observed by Phoenix Micron Ⅳ small animal retinal imaging system.After high dose anesthesia,the eyeball of one rat from each group was taken to prepare ultrathin sections and observed by transmission electron microscopy.Five rat eyeballs were taken to prepare retinal paraffin sections from each groups.The RGC apoptotic index was observed by TUNEL method.The expressions of RGC bcl-2 protein and bax protein were analyzed by immunohistochemistry.This study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Central South University,and the experimental procedures were in accordance with the National Institutes of Health(NIH) guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory,and follow the 3R principle.Results The weight of the diabetic model rats was significantly lower than that of the normal group,and the intake of water and food were significantly increased,the urine volume was also in creased.The body weight and blood glucose level of the rats were significantly different among different groups after 4 weeks of modeling (F=202.352,148.444,both at P＜0.001).Fundus photography of early diabetic rats showed no obvious diabetic retinal microangiopathy.The numbers of RGC in the diabetic model group and PBS group were significantly lower than that in the normal control group under the transmission electron microscope.The membrane shrinkage,cytoplasmic condensation,organelle edema,chromatin peripheral collection were obvious and the cell apoptosis number was increased.The RGC lesions in the NGF group were lighter than those in the diabetic model group and PBS group.The apoptotic indexs in the normal control group,diabetic model group,PBS group and NGF group were (3.88±1.28)％,(92.56±1.58)％,(92.64±2.30)％ and (59.34±3.89)％,respectively,the overall difference of apoptotic index between the four groups was statistically significant (F=854.554,P＜0.001);the RGC apoptotic index of the diabetic model group was significantly higher than that of the normal control group.The RGC apoptotic index of the NGF group was significantly lower than that of the diabetic model group and PBS group (both at P＜0.05).The expression levels of bcl-2 protein in normal control group,diabetic model group,PBS group and NGF group were 38.11 ± 1.01,22.38±3.90,23.04±3.14 and 84.69±1.45,respectively,with a significant difference among the groups (F =366.206,P＜0.001).The expression levels of bax protein in normal control group,diabetes model group,PBS group and NGF group were 4.22± 1.89,56.59±6.67,56.30±8.51 and 26.19±2.44,respectively,with a significant difference among the groups (F=61.435,P＜0.001).The expression of bcl-2 protein in the diabetic model group was significantly lower than that in the normal control group (P＜0.05),and the expression of bax protein was significantly increased (P＜0.05).The expression of bcl-2 protein in NGF group was significantly higher and the expression of bax protein was significantly lower than those in the PBS group and diabetic model group (all at P＜0.05).Conclusions The ultrastructural damage of RGCs has occurred in early diabetic rats without diabetic retinal microangiopathy.Intravitreal injection of NGF may produce retinal neuroprotective effects by inhibiting apoptosis of RGCs in diabetic rats.

The related factors of intraocular hypertension in diabetic retinopathy after vitrectomy / 中华眼底病杂志

The occurrence of high intraocular pressure (IOP) after vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy (DR) is related to many factors,including the type and stage of DR,macular detachment,surgical methods,and the type of ocular tamponade.Early high IOP occurred mainly due to laser photocoagulation,inflammatory response,improper ocular tamponade,residual viscoelastic agents and ciliary body dysfunction.In addition to the above reasons,early-middle stage high IOP is also related to tamponade gas expansion peak,encircling scleral buckle and hyphema.The major reason for middle-stage high IOP is hyphema and silicon oil in anterior chamber.The reasons for late-stage high IOP are glaucoma,silicone oil emulsification,long-term use of glucocorticoid,and iris incision closure.Most high IOP can be controlled by proper treatment such as stopping use of glucocorticoid,anti-glaucoma eye drops and surgeries.But there are still a small number of patients with unexplained refractory high IOP,the mechanism need to be further explored.

Application of Icare rebound tonometer in children after congenital cataract surgery / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the difference in intraocular pressure (IOP) readings as well as the tolerability between Icare rebound tonometer (Icare RBT) and Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT), and to evaluate the application of Icare RBT in monitoring the intraocular pressure in children after congenital cataract surgery.@*METHODS@#The IOP was measured with the Icare RBT and GAT respectively in 150 children (262 eyes) after congenital cataract surgery by two experienced ophthalmologists. Correlation and Bland-Altman analysis were used to assess the agreement in IOP readings between the two instruments. The influence of the central corneal thickness (CCT) adjusted for age on IOP readings was analyzed by linear regression analysis. The tolerance of the patients to Icare RBT and GAT measurement were surveyed.@*RESULTS@#The mean age was (44.82 ± 11.56) months in 150 children, including 81 boys and 69 girls. The mean IOP readings by the Icare RBT and GAT were (16.08 ± 5.72) mmHg and (14.17 ± 5.05) mmHg, respectively. The mean difference between the Icare RBT and GAT was (1.91 ± 2.04) mmHg, which was significantly correlated with CCT (r=0.409, P<0.001). The IOP readings by Icare RBT was significantly correlated with that measured by GAT(r= 0.936, P<0.001). The 95% confidence interval of the difference between the two instruments was ?2.10 to 5.91 mmHg. The Icare RBT examination was well tolerated by the children compared to the GAT examination.@*CONCLUSION@#The Icare RBT is easy to use and well tolerated by the children after congenital cataract surgery. Compared to GAT, the value measured by the IOPs trends to be overestimated. The difference in readings between the 2 tonometers will magnify with the increase in CCT.

All trans retinoic acid-induced overexpression of Cx43 gene in RB cells and its inhibition on the growth of RB / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background One of the important machanisms of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is to regulate the expression of connexin (Cx) gene.ATRA inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of retinoblastoma (RB) cells,which is related to Cx43.However,the control site of ATRA and its effect on RB tumor in vivo have not been identified.Objective This study was to investigate the effect of ATRA on Cx43 expression in RB cells and its approach mechanisms.Methods ATRA solution of 1 × 10 2 mol/L was prepared with ethanol and formulated into 1×10 5,1×10-6and 1 × 10 7 mol/L of solution with culture medium further.Human RB cell line (HXO-RB44) was cultured and treated with different concentrations of ATRA for 2,4 and 6 days,respectively.The expressions of Cx43 protein and mRNA in RB cells were detected by Western blot and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR),respectively.RB models were established by injecting HXO-RB44 cell suspension into anterior chamber in the right eyes of 15 athymic mice.Eleven successful models were divided into the blank control group,negative control group and 1 × 10-5 mol/L ATRA group,and 0.5％ normal saline solution with athymic or 1 ×10-5 mol/L ATRA solution was injected into the anterior chamber in the negative control group and 1 × 10-5 mol/L ATRA group in the 3-day interval for 3 weeks.The model eyes were examined under the slit lamp microscope.The eyeballs were extracted at the end of the experiment for hematoxylin and eosin staining.Results Western blot assay showed that the absorbance values of Cx43 protein (ACx43/AGAPDH) were increased gradually as time lapse of ATRA treatment among the groups (Ftime =71.31,P =0.00; Fgroup =7.66,P =0.00).The expressions of Cx43 protein were significantly higher in the 1 × 10 5 mol/L ATRA group after 2 days,1 × 10-6 mol/L ATRA group after 4 days,1 × 10-7 mol/L ATRA group after 6 days than those in the blank control group at various time points (t =3.34,P＜0.01 ;t =2.33,P＜0.05;t =3.12,P＜ 0.01).RT-PCR showed that the absorbance values of Cx43 mRNA (ACx43mRXA/Aβ-actin) were significantly enhanced as the prolong of treatment time of ATRT among the groups (Ftime =90.90,P =0.00 ; Fgroup =6.86,P =0.00).The expressions of Cx43 mRNA were significantly higher in the 1 × 10-5 mol/L ATRA group after 2 days,1 × 10 6 mol/L ATRA group and 1 ×10-7 mol/L ATRA group after 4 days than those in the blank control group at various time points (t=3.57,P＜0.01 ;t=6.31,P＜0.01 ;t=2.22,P＜0.05).RB models were successfully created in 11 eyes on the 6-9 days following the intrachamber injection of RB cell suspension.The RB cells were filled with chamber in the blank control group 20 days after injection,and RB only occupied half of the anterior chamber in the 1 × 10-5 mol/L ATRA group.Histopathological examination exhibited that the RB cells were seen in the anterior and posterior chamber as well as vitreous in the blank control group,however,the cells were only found in the anterior chamber in the 1 × 10 5 mol/L ATRA group.Conclusions ATRA can inhibit the growth of RB in vitro and in vivo by inducing the expression of Cx43 gene in transcription process.

Ultraviolet radiation-induced apoptosis in human lens epithelial cells and its effect on Bcl-2 and Bax / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the apoptosis-inducing effect of ultraviolet(UV) radiation on human lens epithelial cells (HLEC), with particular focus on changes in Bcl-2 or Bax expression as possible mechanisms.@*METHODS@#All experimental groups were exposed to the same UV light source. HLEC were divided into 6 groups according to duration of UV radiation : 0 min group (control group), 5 min group, 10 min group,15 min group, and 30 min group. Analysis on apoptosis of HLEC was performed by flow cytometry analysis (FCA, Annexin V + PI staining). Changes of Bax and Bcl-2 expression in HLEC were detected by hybridization in situ.@*RESULTS@#Apoptosis in HLEC increased with UV exposure time. The expression level of Bax mRNA was increased with the increase of UV exposure time, whereas the expression level of Bcl-2 mRNA decreased with the increase of UV exposure time. The proportion of apoptotic cells was negatively correlated with ratio of Bcl-2/Bax (r=-0.874, P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#UA radiation can induce apoptosis of HLEC in vitro. Bcl-2 and Bax genes may play an important role in regulating this apoptotic process.

Comparison of growth of human fetal RPE cells on electrospun nanofibers and etched pore polyester membranes / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate and compare the growth of human fetal retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells seeded onto electrospun polyamide nanofibers (EPN) or etched pore polyester (EPP), and, further, to explore their possible use as prosthetic Bruch's membrane.@*METHODS@#Human fetal RPE cells were planted onto the EPN, EPP and plastic (control) substrates in Transwells. The cultures were assessed with respect to cell attachment at 2, 4, 8 hours and proliferation at 1, 4, 8 days after seeding. Growth and morphology of the cells were monitored under the phase contrast microscope, and the phenotype was identified by immunofluorescence staining with antibodies against tight junction protein ZO-1. Strips of single EPP coated with nothing or EPP coated with EPN was differently implanted into the subretinal space of two P21 RCS rats for two weeks and the histologic slides of the retina were assessed.@*RESULTS@#Cultured human fetal RPE cells were attached to either EPN or EPP substrates (with seeding on plastic substrate as control). After 8 h, the numbers of adherent cells in the EPN, EPP and control groups were 1.23*10(5)/cm(2), 1.70*10(5)/cm(2), and 1.64*10(5)/cm(2), respectively. The number of RPE cells attached to EPN was obviously less than that to both EPP and control (P<0.05). On the first day, the proliferation of cells on EPN was less than that of EPP and control (P<0.05); but by the 8th day in culture, the proliferation of cells on EPN had increased and was higher than proliferation on both EPP and control (P<0.05). All of the RPE cells cultured on EPN and EPP substrates were in monolayer, and the EPN-attached cells resembled the inner collagenous layer of Bruch's membrane. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the RPE cells cultured on EPN and EPP substrates adopted a higher expression of ZO-1 than that on the plastic control substrate. Subretinal implantation of either EPP alone or EPP as a carrier for free EPN for 2 weeks in P21RCS rats resulted in an expected encapsulation and loss of photoreceptor layer. No toxicity or other adverse reaction was observed in the vicinity of the transplant.@*CONCLUSION@#EPN and EPP could maintain human fetal RPE cell attachment and proliferation. Both EPN and EPP appeared to be grossly tolerance and biocompatible with subretinal implantation. EPN represents an intriguing prospect for prosthetic Bruch's membrane replacement because of its similarity in structure to native Bruch's membrane.

Effect of ultraviolet radiation on ALDH1 expression in human lens epithelial cells / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To determine the apoptosis-inducing effect of ultraviolet light (UV) on human lens epithelial cell (HLEC) and to explore the involvement of changes in ALDH1 folowing UV radiation.@*METHODS@#HLEC was exposed to the same UV light source and was subsequently divided into 6 groups according to UV radiation time of 0 (control group), 5, 10, 15, and 30 min. Apoptosis was detected by AO/EB staining. Changes of ALDH1 in HLEC were detected by immunohistochemical staining and Western blot.@*RESULTS@#The intensity of immunohistochemical staining and the rate of positive cells decreased with increase of UV time (P<0.05). The rate of positive ALDH1 cells was negatively correlated with the rate of apoptosis (r= -0.92, P<0.05). Western blot showed the integrated absorbance values significantly decreased with the increase of UV time (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#ALDH1 in HLEC decreases with an increase of UV exposure, which may be related to UV induced apoptosis of HLEC.

Two cases of primary intraocular lymphoma: Fine needle aspiration diagnosis and intravitreal methotrexate treatment / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

We described clinical process of two cases of intraocular lymphoma in aspects of early diagnosis by fine needle aspiration (FNA) and biopsy and treatment by intravitreal methotrexate (MTX). Two patients were suspected to have primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) with geographic yellow-white infiltrates and vitreous opacity. FNA confirmed malignant intraocular lymphoma in one patient and failed in the other patient due to complication of vitreous hemorrhage. Subsequent vitreous biopsy confirmed malignant intraocular lymphoma in the other patient. Both patients were treated by intravitreal methotrexate. In case 1 the tumor had complete remission and follow-up of 12 months had not found any signs of recurrence. In case 2 the patient died of brain metastasis 22 months after the ocular biopsy. Our findings demonstrate that although cytological examination of vitrectomy specimens remains the gold standard in diagnosis of PIOL, examination of FNA and biopsy increases the reliability of early diagnosing or excluding a PIOL. Individualized intravitreal methotrexate can be used to effectively treat PIOL. More effective integrated program treating primary central nervous system lymphoma/PIOL is worthy of looking forward to.

Role of Notch signaling in differentiation of retinal progenitor cells / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the role of Notch signaling in differentiation of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat retinal progenitor cells (RPCs).@*METHODS@#RPCs were isolated from 16-day embryonic SD rats and cultured in suspension. RPCs were cultured respectively in media with (treatment group) or without (control group) gamma-secretase inhibitor X which was used to block Notch signaling. Morphological observation and immunocytochemistry were applied at day 14 to determine the cell types and analyze the expression of Notch pathway genes in both groups.@*RESULTS@#Most RPCs expressed Notch1 intracellular domains or its downstream transcriptional factor Hes1. A few expressed bHLH transcriptional factors NeuroD and Mash1. Most auto-differentiated RPCs expressed NeuroD or Mash1, while a few of them expressed Notch1 intracellular domains or Hes1. In the group treated with gamma-secretase inhibitor X, the positive rate of Nestin or GFAP was much lower than that in the control group while the positive rate of beta-tubulin was much higher than that in the control group. The difference in the positive rate of recovering between the two groups was not significant.@*CONCLUSION@#In vitro Notch signaling may inhibit retinal stem cells differentiation. Inhibiting Notch signaling in vitro may promote differentiation to neurons and partially inhibit glial differentiation.

Effect of hypoxia on expression and function of integrin rece ptor ?_v?_3 of bovine retinal v ascular endotheliocytes / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of hypoxia on the e xp ression and function of integrin receptor ? v? 3 of bovine retinal vascular endotheliocytes. Methods Bovine retinal vascular endotheliocy tes in the culture dishes coated by vitronectin was put into the normal and hypo xemic condition, respectively. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and cel l-adhesion analysis were used to detect the expression and function of integrin receptor ? v? 3 in bovine retinal vascular endotheliocytes, respectively. Results Under the condition of hypoxia, the expression of ? v? 3 increased gradually, and reached the peak at the 48th hour. The expressio n of ? v? 3 at the 60th and 72nd hour in hypoxia group was higher than that in the normal group. Bovine retinal vascular endotheliocytes absorbed more Vn of extra-cellular matrixes (ECM) after cultured under hypoxemic condition for 24 hours. Conclusion Hypoxia may up-regulate the expression of ? v? 3, which promote the adsorbability of endotheliocytes.

Effects of tetramethylpyrazine on the expression of nuclear factorkappa B induced by advanced glycation end products in retinal pigment epithelium / 中国医师杂志

Objective To study the effects of tetramethylpyrazine(TMP) on the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-?B) induced by advanced glycation end products(AGEs) in retinal pigment epithelial(RPE).Methods The expressions of NF-?B were detected by immunohistochemical method when the RPE cells were cultured with different concentrations of AGEs in different time points.Results With the increasing of concentrations of AGEs,the expression of NF-?B in RPE was increased gradually.The expression of NF-?B in RPE was higher when the cells were cultured with AGEs for 24 h than that of other time points.With the increasing of the concentration of TMP,the expression of NF-?B in RPE was decreased gradually.Conclusion The AGEs can induce the expression of NF-?B in RPE,and the TMP can prevent the effects of AGEs in a concentration dependent manner.

The protection of aminoguanidine,silymarin and anisodamine on growth and cytosolic free calcium changes of retinal capillary pericytes cultured in glycation products / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To investigate the protective effect of aminoguanidine(AG),silymarin (Sil) and anisodamine (Ani) on retinal capillary pericytes cultured in glycosylation products. Methods MTT cololrimetric assay, thymidine incorporating and fluorescent indicator fura 2 acetoxy methyl ester (Fura 2AM) were used to study the influence of AG,Sil and Ani on the growth,DNA synthesis,and cytosolic free calcium([Ca 2+ ]i)changes of pericytes cultured in the medium contained early glycation products (EGs) or advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Results Cultured in the medium contained EGs,the A value by MTT assayed and amount of thymidine incorporating in AG group and Sil group were obviously elevated than those of control group(P

Corneal Topographic Changes after Various Types of Surgical Procedures of Retinal and Vitreous Surgery / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate corneal shape changes following three different surgical procedures of retinal and vitreous surgery. Methods A total of 41 eyes of 41 patients were divided into 3 groups based on the type of surgical procedure: encircling with vitrectomy, encircling with additional segmental buckling, and local buckling. The corneal shapes of these eyes were examined by corneal topographic machine before operation and one week, one month, and three months after operation. Results Corneal astigmatism and surface asymmetry index(SAI) significantly increased one week after operation compared with before operation (P

Effects of diclofenac sodium combined with dionine in cases with fibrinous membrane after intraocular lens implantation / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Objective　The effects of diclofenac sodium(DFNa) combined with dionine in cases with fibrin exudation membrane on intraocular lens (IOL) were studied. Methods　Thirty-two eyes, derived from sixteen adult pure bred New Zealand rabbits, were divided at random into two groups after extracapsular lens extraction with posterior chamber IOL implantation: (1) rabbits received DFNa eyedrops combined with dionine eyedrops; (2) rabbits received Pred forte eyedrops. The sum of fibrinous exudation membrane on IOL was observed on 1,3,5,7,14,21,30d postoperation. Results　The fibrin exudations in the DFNa combined with dionine group is less than the pred forte group (P>0.05). Conclusion　DFNa combined with dionine is effective in treating fibrin exudation membrane after extracapsular lens extraction and IOL implantation, and it is more effective than the pred forte.

The effect of hypoxia on proliferation of cultured bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells and expression of the antiapoptotic protein bcl-2 / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To study the effect of hypoxia on proliferation of cultured bovine retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and expression of the antiapoptotic protein bcl-2. Methods The bovine RPE cells were cultured under normal and hypoxic chamber respectively. After 24 hours, the proliferation of RPE cells was evaluated by[3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, MTT]-test. At the same time, anti-bcl-2 protein antibody was examined by immuno-histochemistry method. Results The A value in the hypoxia group was higher than that in the normal group after 24 hours (P

Modification of enzymatic antioxidants in bovine retinal capillary pericytes by advanced glycation end products / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on the catalase activity and the levels of malondialdehyde in cultured bovine retinal capillary pericytes (BRPs), and to investigate the relationship between oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy. Methods Cultured BRPs were exposed to AGEs (0, 8, 32, 125, 500, 2 000 ?g/ml) for four days. Activity and the levels of catalase and malondialdehyde in cultured BRPs were examined by spectrophotometry. Results AGEs decreased the catalase activity, whereas increased the levels of malondialdehyde of cultured BRPs in a dose dependent manner ( r=-0.714, r=0.748, P

Effects of Zhaoke defibrase and anti-?_v?_3 mAb on the adhesion and immigration of bovine retinal vascular endothelial cells / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To explore the effects of Zhaoke defibrase and anti-? v? 3 mAb (23C6) on the adhesion and immigration of bovine retinal vascular endothelial cells. Methods The culture dishes coated with vitronectin (Vn) and collagen,assays of adhesion and immigration were performed 60 minutes after different concentration of Zhaoke defibrase and anti-? v? 3 mAb was added to the bovine retinal vascular endothelial cells. The apoptosis of bovine retinal vascular endothelial cells induced by Zhaoke defibrase and anti-? v? 3 mAb was detected by electron microscopy. Results Both Zhaoke defibrase and anti-? v? 3 mAb inhibited the adhesion and immigration of bovine retinal vascular endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibited concentration (IC 50) of Zhaoke defibrase was less than 0.05 ?mol/L, while IC 50 of anti-? v? 3 mAb was more than 2.5 ?mol/L. 81.8% endothelial cells adhering to Vn were inhibited by 0 1 ?mol/L Zhaoke defibrase, while 76.3% by endothelial cells adhering to Vn were inhibited by 10 ?mol/L anti-? v? 3 mAb. Typical apoptosis cells were found in bovine retinal vascular endothelial cells after affected by Zhaoke defibrase and anti-? v? 3 mAb. Conclusion Both Zhaoke defibrase and anti-? v? 3 mAb can significantly inhibit the adhesion and immigration of bovine retinal vascular endothelial cells to extracellular matrix, and the mechanism may lie in inducing the apoptosis of endothelial cells.

The correlation between the features of optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography in diabetic macular edema / 眼科

s Objective To assess the correlation between the features of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) in clinically significant diabetic macular edema. Design Prospective case series. Participants 102 patients(177 eyes) with clinically significant diabetic macular edema. Methods Optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography typing were done separately in a double-masked manner in each case of clinically significant macular edema. The correlation between FFA types and OCT types were analyzed, and their associations with the best visual acuity, central foveal thickness were evaluated. Main Outcome Measures The FFA features and OCT features of clinically significant diabetic macular edema, central foveal thickness, best visual acuity. Results The prevalence of focal leakage type was higher in the OCT type 1 (70.6%) than in the diffuse leakage type (27.2%) and diffuse cystoid leakage type (2.2%) of fluorescein angiography (P